Of Halogenoalkanes 1 Chemsheets Answers Exclusive: Reactions

Both reactions start with the same halogenoalkane and a base/nucleophile (e.g., OH⁻). The outcome depends on:

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R-X + Ag⁺ (from AgNO₃) + H₂O → R-OH + AgX(s) + H⁺ Both reactions start with the same halogenoalkane and

| Halogenoalkane | Precipitate Color | Rate of Precipitation | Bond Enthalpy (C-X) | |---|---|---|---| | Fluoroalkane | No precipitate (AgF soluble) | Very slow (usually not seen) | Very high (484 kJ/mol) | | Chloroalkane | White (AgCl) | Slow (minutes, needs warming) | 338 kJ/mol | | Bromoalkane | Cream (AgBr) | Faster (seconds to minutes) | 276 kJ/mol | | Iodoalkane | Yellow (AgI) | Instant (room temperature) | 238 kJ/mol | R-X + Ag⁺ (from AgNO₃) + H₂O →

This is a slower, less vigorous reaction than with OH⁻.

Potassium cyanide (KCN) dissolved in ethanol/water mixture. The Product: Nitrile (alkanenitrile). The Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution (typically SN2).

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