1.2 What are the main steps involved in machine design?

where F = 10 kN, L = 100 mm, A = π * (20 mm)^2 / 4, and E = 200 GPa

σ = M * y / I

τ = T * r / J

Solution: Stress is the internal force per unit area of a material, while strain is the resulting deformation per unit length.

5.1 What is the difference between stiffness and rigidity?

ε = 500,000,000 Pa / 100,000,000,000 Pa = 0.005

Solution: Using Hooke's law, we can calculate the strain as follows: